MAPK3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: It is also notable that excess SeP impairs angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in vascular endothelial cells.(76) This is a hallmark of vascular complications in type 2 diabetes, and ROS generated by VEGF stimuli are important for the phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).