The 14 KEGG pathways associated with mRNAs differentially expressed in serum exosomes of the HBV-ACLF patients included leucocyte transendothelial migration, pancreatic cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, proteoglycans in cancer, prostate cancer, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, carbon metabolism, glycan degradation, and VEGF, Rap1, Ras, HIF-1, and T-cell receptor signalling pathways. Here, VEGFA is linked to prostate cancer.