Immunofluorescence (IF) assays further confirmed that CHK1, CHK2, RAD51, RAD50 and p53 expression were reduced in the TMZ + BIP (TMZ combined with BIP-MPC-NP) group compared with those in the TMZ + EBP (TMZ combined with EBP-MPC-NP) or TMZ + MBP (TMZ combined with MBP-MPC-NP) group in TMZ-resistant glioma cells (Supplementary Figs. 8–10). The gene discussed is RAD50; the disease is central nervous system cancer.