Immunofluorescence (IF) assays further confirmed that CHK1, CHK2, RAD51, RAD50 and p53 expression were reduced in the TMZ + BIP (TMZ combined with BIP-MPC-NP) group compared with those in the TMZ + EBP (TMZ combined with EBP-MPC-NP) or TMZ + MBP (TMZ combined with MBP-MPC-NP) group in TMZ-resistant glioma cells (Supplementary Figs. 8–10). Here, RAD50 is linked to glioma.