Overall, no trends were observed with CD3 and CD8 spatial distribution, though higher CD4 at the periphery of the tumor was associated with lower T cell richness (p = 0.0006, Mann–Whitney test) and higher T cell clonality (p = 0.0120, Mann–Whitney test) at the tumor center by CDR3 sequencing (n = 119; Supplementary Fig. 4A–I). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.