CD4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Analysis of IHC data for 8 T cell-associated markers: CD3 (T cells), CD4 (helper T cells), CD8 (cytotoxic T cells), FoxP3 (regulatory T cells), CD45RO (antigen-experienced T cells), Granzyme B (cytotoxic T cells), and PD-1 (activated/dysfunctional T cells) as well as PD-L1 (Supplementary Fig. 2A) demonstrated that T cells in this cohort of NSCLC tumors were predominantly CD4-positive with an average CD4:CD8 ratio of 1.65 (ranging from 0.3 to 5.3) (n = 146; Supplementary Fig. 2B–C), consistent with prior work from our group21.