Similarly, knock-down of PRL-3 expression using short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) led to decreased cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion in a range of solid tumors in vitro and inhibited primary tumor proliferation and invasion in vivo in colorectal, gastric and ovarian cancers and in melanoma, ultimately improving the prognosis and life span of mice26–29. This evidence concerns the gene PTP4A3 and melanoma.