CD19 and neoplasm: This latter strategy has been successfully validated in CD19 CART cells, demonstrating that the local production of anti-PD-1 ScFv prevented CAR T cells from inhibition and exhaustion and improved their ability to eradicate established tumors, contrary to systemic injection of anti-PD-1 antibody.15 Alternatively, editing PDCD1 gene, using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, in high avidity tumor-specific T cells prior to ACT also appears a promising approach.