TNF and colitis: In TNBS-stimulated colitis model, intravenous Gal-1 injection at different doses (0.04, 0.4, and 1 mg/kg) after intrarectal TNBS administration significantly decreased both plasma and colon proinflammatory cytokine levels, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in a dose-dependent manner [50].