GCG and concussion: Specifically, we demonstrated the efficacy of exendin-4 (a GLP-1 analog), liraglutide (a long acting GLP-1 analog), twincretin (a dual GLP-1/GIP analog), and PT302 (a sustained release formulation of the GLP-1 analog Exanatide) to mitigate cellular damage associated with mTBI pathologies such as oxidative stress, glutamate induced toxicity, and apoptotic cell death.