These compounds not only modulate Nrf2 in leishmaniasis but also trans-chalcone, another flavonoid molecule, that directly promotes an apoptosis-like process in the promastigote and amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, which leads to a decrease in ROS, nitric oxide, TGF-β, and IL-10, followed by an increase in Nrf2/HO-1/Ferritin expression, modulating the intracellular proliferation of these parasites (Miranda-Sapla et al., 2019). Here, HMOX1 is linked to leishmaniasis.