IL1B and infection: In line with results of a previous study of chicken and human epithelial cells and chicken macrophages using non-opsonized Salmonella (Kaiser et al., 2000; Setta et al., 2012), opsonized S. Gallinarum appeared to induce a substantially lower expression of IL1β, CXCLi1, and CXCLi2 compared to opsonized S. Typhimurium in HD11 macrophages at 6 h post-infection even though we observed an increased survival for S. Gallinarum when this bacterium was opsonized.