This finding is largely in line with a series of cancer studies where oncogenic function of GBP1 is indicated in prostate cancer (25), triple negative breast cancer (23), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (19), glioblastoma (17, 42, 43), ovarian cancer (20, 24, 26, 28), lung cancer (21) and oral cancer (18), and higher levels of GBP1 expression have been associated with enhanced tumor cell infiltration, metastasis, therapeutic resistance and shorter survival in these studies (18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 42). Here, GBP1 is linked to lip and oral cavity carcinoma.