A longitudinal exposure study by Kang et al. [61] assessed AF exposure in Southwestern Uganda, reporting that 90% (642/713 of the sera) of samples drawn from the General Population Cohort were positive for AFB-Lys with a median level of 1.58 pg/mg and albumin range of 0.40–168 pg/mg. The gene discussed is ALB; the disease is atrial fibrillation.