GAL and infection: Taken together, our data may open new avenues for delineating targeted strategies to eventually modulate the level of anti- α1,3Gal antibody response in some diseases (10, 11), attenuate food allergy to α1,3Gal antigen, or decrease the risk of deleterious effects of anti-α1,3Gal Abs after implantation of animal derived bio-devices (42) such as bovine or porcine bio-prosthetic heart valves or help fighting some infections due to Gal displaying microorganisms.