In addition, an impairment of autophagic activity leads to the deposition of a variety of harmful PD-related proteins besides α-syn such as LRRK2, PINK1, Parkin, and ATP13A2 which are related to PD and trigger apoptosis (Venderova and Park, 2012; Martinez-Vicente, 2015; Figure 2). Here, PRKN is linked to Parkinson disease.