In this study, we evaluated the expression of PD1, PD-L1, CD3, CD8 and CD68, and chronic inflammation in a series of UCs by tissue microarray including 77 cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS), 40 non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (NIPUC), and 143 invasive UCs, including conventional UC and six histologic variants24–26. This evidence concerns the gene CD68 and in situ carcinoma.