LGALS1 and diabetes mellitus: After adjustment for demographic characteristics, kidney function, traditional risk factors, and medications, higher galectin-1 levels were found to be associated independently with a greater risk of renal function decline [tertile 2: hazard ratio (HR) 5.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79–17.22; tertile 3: HR 5.56, 95% CI 1.97–16.32], but not with CIN, regardless of the presence of diabetes.