IFIH1 and cancer: For example, hemoglobin subunit beta (HB) directly inhibits MDA5-mediated signaling by reducing MDA5-double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) affinity while promoting the RIG-I-mediated signaling through enhancing K63-linked RIG-I ubiquitination (14); knockdown of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) triggers viral RNA sensor MDA5- and RIG-I-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in cancer cells (15).