Moreover, reducing the “dose” of Dyrk1a—a gene that has been suggested to be critically important for neural function in DS (Arron et al., 2006, Fotaki et al., 2002, Guimera et al., 1999, Hämmerle et al., 2008, Park et al., 2009, Tejedor and Hämmerle, 2011)—was not sufficient to rescue the observed differences in behavior, supporting the hypothesis that cognitive impairments in DS do not necessarily map to single genes. The gene discussed is DYRK1A; the disease is Cognitive impairment.