MTOR and cardiac hypertrophy: Autophagy is usually activated and attenuates LV remodeling and cardiomyocyte apoptosis under pathological conditions, accompanied by activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR signaling (38), while the effects of ALS on autophagy, as a cascade signaling of mTOR, in the process of ISO- and angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy, were not explored.