INS and Hyperglycemia: In contrast, glucose has been proposed not to be an effect osmolyte in normoglycemia and in hyperglycemia with intact insulin (Iwasaki et al., 1996; Sladek & Knigge, 1977; Thrasher, Brown, Keil, & Ramsay, 1980; Zerbe & Robertson, 1983), which should apply to type 2 diabetic GK rats.