First, clinical and experimental evidences have been used to postulate the underlying complex pathophysiological mechanisms of AF, including electrical remodelling, structural remodelling, autonomic nervous system changes, and Ca2+ handling abnormalities.40, 64, 65, 66 In the current study, we mainly discussed the regulation of calcium homoeostasis by MD1 in HFpEF mice, but the relationship between MD1 and ion channels or the autonomic nervous system has not been studied. Here, LY86 is linked to atrial fibrillation.