TNF and Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Li et al. observed that TNF‐α blood levels were higher in patients with AF compared with those in sinus rhythm and in persistent and permanent AF compared with paroxysmal AF.47 Moreover, a recent study also suggested that higher IL‐6 blood levels are associated with greater AF risk in the general population.48 Consistent with this possibility, our present correlative evidence suggested that chronic aldosterone infusion increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α and vulnerability to AF.