Supporting these data, our previous study has shown that MD1 deficiency increases the vulnerability HFD‐fed mice to AF, mainly due to an increase in the proinflammatory IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, a decrease in the levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10, and the facilitation of atrial fibrosis. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atrial fibrillation.