INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes (T1D), found in 0.06–0.15% of the population, is causedby an autoimmune inflammation of pancreatic tissue, resulting in impairedinsulin secretion[41, 44].It has been demonstrated thatautoreactive T cells are derived from normal cells in patients with T1D, due tothe presentation of insulin fragments on MHC II molecules.