This has therefore been investigated in vitro in motoneurones cultured from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from ALS patients with genetic forms of the disease including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), C9orf72 repeat expansions, TAR DNA binding proteins (TARDBP) and fused-in-sarcoma (FUS) mutations16–19. This evidence concerns the gene SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.