A metabolic network for the gastrointestinal (GI) cancer-related differentially expressed genes is shown in Fig. 1c, illustrating the interactions between genes that are upregulated in CF (e.g., TP53INP1, SERPINE1, NCOR1, and CAPN2) and downregulated in CF (E2F1, MED1, ECND2, and AS3MT), highlighting the cellular location of these genes’ product. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to cystic fibrosis.