For controls, we found higher average levels of a subset of cytokines including IL-4, IL-1β, PlGF, GM-CSF, SAA, IL-15, TNF-β, VEGF-D, IL-12p70, Tie-2, IL-2, IL-17α, IFN-ɣ, and IL-10 in children with neurodevelopmental delay (C/ND), compared to that of their typically developing (C/TD) counterparts (Fig. 1). Here, CSF2 is linked to Neurodevelopmental delay.