On the other hand, Hb concentrations were significantly lower among participants with two α-gene defects, Hb E trait, Hb E trait with two α-gene defects, and homozygous Hb E. Comparing with the non-thalassemia group, the participants with homozygous Hb E, two α-gene defects, and one α-gene defect had significantly high SF concentrations. The gene discussed is GSTM1; the disease is thalassemia.