Clues gleaned from these recent studies combined with our results suggest that PD-L1 overexpression in colorectal adenocarcinoma is canonically or non-canonically associated with increased antigenic recognition of tumours (anti-tumorigenicity by TIL) through MSI, increased tumour mutation burden or IFN-γ secretion by TIL, although elucidating these pathogenetic mechanisms needs further study. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.