IARS1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In particular, specific cyto/adipokines (TNF-α, adiponectin), critical obesity-inflammatory markers (haptoglobin, lipocalin), and insulin signaling or survival protein network (insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS), Akt, Erk) were measured in both adipose tissue and hippocampus/frontal cortex, two key areas for learning and memory.