CCR5 and neoplasm: CCR5 and CX3CL1 were demonstrated to promote the expression of antiapoptotic and tumor-promoting proteins such as Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, and C-IAP1, as well as to reduce the expression of apoptotic proteins including cleaved caspase-3 and -9, PARP, and Bax via the NF-κB pathway [99,100].