Notably, Arf1 has been reported to be critical for cell invasion and metastasis in various cancers [11,18,48,49], including HNSCC [14], as well as the Arf1 inhibitor AMF-26 helped overcome the acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Here, ARF1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.