NOS1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: In DMD, the loss of nNOS is also associated with an increase in ROS and increased muscle protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation.18, 26, 27, 28, 29 The combination of Ca++ overload and ROS signalling produces fibres overstretch contributing to muscle damage.30 Furthermore, accumulation of dysfunctional organelles, increased NADPH oxidase 2 activity, and the activation of Src kinases contribute to impaired autophagy in dystrophic muscle.31, 32, 33