UBXN11 and plague: In another study, the T4 phage display platform was exploited to induce protective immunity against both anthrax and plague.67 Three plague pandemics have been documented in human history, and the bacteria has also been employed as a biological warfare agent.62, 68 The “Black Death” resulted in the elimination of up to one third of Europe's population, and parts of the United States are still exposed to the plague‐causing bacteria Yersinia pestis each year.69 Here, PA and two antigens from Y. pestis (F1 and V) were fused to Soc (Figure 3a).