As shown in Fig 9, levels of Gal-9 in CSF samples from patients with neuropsychiatric involvement (NPSLE) were significantly higher (6.7 ±7 .4 ng/ml, media [IQR: 1.0–27.2]), p = 0.0093) compared to non-SLE controls (1.3 ± 0.4 ng/ml, media [IQR: 0.9–2.1]). This evidence concerns the gene LGALS9 and systemic lupus erythematosus.