CCL8 and BK-virus nephropathy: Therefore, we quantified CCL8, CXCL16, and CCL20 in blood in the groups of KTR as shown in Table 2 and found that CCL8 blood concentrations were significantly higher in KTRs with BKPyV DNAemia who displayed higher viral loads, significant levels of decoy cells, and an eGFR decrease as well as in KTRs who displayed histological evidence of PVAN as compared to KTRs who did not (median concentrations: 59.40 vs. 57.79 vs. 32.34 pg/ml, 95% CIs: 41.27–99.28 vs. 50.49–76.80 vs. 15.54–47.52, P = 0.0491 vs. eGFR decrease, P = 0.0205 vs. PVAN, dCohen: 0.88, Fig. 4a).