TNF and neoplasm: Combined, these three miRNAs are involved in Ras activation, which is an important component of the signal transduction pathways to initiate cell growth and differentiation.42 These miRNAs also modulate toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways.43 TLRs play a crucial role in adaptive immune response and dysregulation of the pathway can lead to aberrant TLR activation, which in turn triggers NF‐κB signaling activation and overexpression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β, TNFα, and IL‐6, resulting in tumor cell proliferation and invasion.43