However, that study was hampered by an unusual definition of albuminuria, predominantly cART-naïve PLHIVs, with 40% immunovirologically uncontrolled individuals (plVL ≥ 200 copies/ml), who had only recently started cART, with potential factors contributing to HAND (e.g., current cocaine use and HCV coinfection) and insufficient NPA results and CD4 nadir. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and coinfection.