The production of TGFβ, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes invasive and proliferative behaviour in cancer cells52,109–112. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.