ATRX and neoplasm: As a result, diagnostic algorithms are undergoing substantial changes for many tumor types: this molecular revolution has been fully undertaken by the latest 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms, as molecular markers (e.g., IDH1/IDH2 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2), 1p/19q codeletion, ATRX (transcriptional regulator ATRX), TP53 (tumor protein p53) etc.)have become mandatory for a conclusive diagnosis of many specific tumor entities [6,7,8,9].