In the randomized phase III trial OPTiM, which included patients with unresectable stage IIIB–IVM1c melanoma, Andtbacka R.H.I. et al. (2019) revealed the superiority of T-VEC compared to subcutaneous recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regarding long-term efficacy and patient tolerance [57]. Here, CSF2 is linked to melanoma.