VIM and glioblastoma: Cultured CTCs were shown to express the sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), and homeobox protein NANOG, which are glioblastoma stem cell markers [76], and also markers associated with very aggressive mesenchymal subtype, serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1), vimentin (VIM), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFB1), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) receptor type 2 (TGFBR2) [7].