We demonstrated from our laboratory that rhBMP-7 is able to inhibit the atherosclerosis associated inflammation at both acute (Day-14) and mid-stage (Day-28) time points of atherosclerosis by promoting monocyte differentiation into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype via reducing phosphorylated kinases p-38 and JNK while increasing p-Smad and ERK pathways [69,71]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to atherosclerosis.