Knowing that IFN-γ can regulate IL-13 responses30, these observations indicated that following viral vector-based vaccination, at the cDC level the differential environmental immune responses to IL-13 are not only determined/regulated by STAT3/STAT6, but also by TGF-β1 and IFN-γ either collaboratively or independently, which was consistent with cancer/inflammation studies53–56. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.