This was confirmed in several in vivo models where long-term colonization with CDT-producing C. jejuni or H. hepaticus induces gastric dysplasia in NFκB deficient mice or hepatic dysplasia in A/JCr mice, respectively [30,31], while infection with wild type C. jejuni, but not the cdtB mutated isogenic strain, promotes cancer in the colitis-associated colorectal cancer ApcMin/+/DSS (Dextran Sulfate Sodium) mouse model [32]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.