We also analyzed steps involved in insulin resistance upstream of AKT, at the level of the TGFβ-activated kinase (TAK-1) and of the two Jun kinases, JNK1(p46) and JNK2 (p54) by evaluating the ratio between the phosphorylated and the total form of each enzyme [39, 43]. The gene discussed is MAPK9; the disease is Insulin resistance.