Covariates involved in this study included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, stroke, atherosclerosis, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (ALB), creatinine (Cr), symptom, type of AAD (Stanford), and management. Here, ALB is linked to atherosclerosis.