TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: The elevated local level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, is an significant characteristic of the uncontrolled immune system in IBD (7), which can induced by ROS via the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and nuclear transcription of activation protein-1 (AP-1) signaling (8).