TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Our findings demonstrated a scenario where FA-97 activates Nrf2 and promotes its nuclear translocation, on one hand increasing the expression of its downstream target proteins HO-1 and NQO-1, to reduce the ROS level and enhance the oxidant resistance, on the other hand inhibiting the NF-κB and AP-1 signaling to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12), and eventually meliorates inflammatory bowel disease (Figure 10).