Methods: We used the human astrocytoma cell line 1321N1 to investigate the role of inflammatory cytokines involved in MS lesions (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, LPS, IL-10, TGF-β) on astrocytic ET-1 upregulation. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).