Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4), pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1, and interferons], nuclear factor κB signaling, and HMGB1 were among top upstream regulators of the targets in fungal infection (Figures 1B, C). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and fungal infectious disease.