The following may be responsible for this desirable effect: UDCA attenuated vascular destruction based on our findings and restored BRB breakdown by abrogating the NFκB-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway20, which inhibited the progression of retinal ischemia and therefore suppressed VEGF expression; UDCA suppressed macrophage-derived VEGF according to our result of immunostaining results. Here, NFKB1 is linked to retinal ischemia.