Moreover, CNGs in FCA E3 1–34.5 Mb included genes (e.g. MYL10, ACTB, RAC1, and MYLPF) involved in cell movement, actin cytoskeleton remodelling, and cellular proliferation and motion such as SBDS, ITGAM, PDGFA, and RAC1. Among them, RAC1 actively promotes cell motility in breast cancer cells64,65 and PDGFA has been reported as highly expressed in FMCs and derived cell lines66. Here, PDGFA is linked to breast carcinoma.